Förlagets beskrivning
Orientalism is a controversial topic in cross-cultural study directly related to the T&I industry. Our approach to a culture defines our level of professionalism and understanding of others. This essay investigates whether there is hegemony in Western culture and civil encounters towards the East, or whether the hegemony is in politics and defines the border between civil and political. There is an ancient essential cultural exchange between West and East which is bi-dimensional. This exchange benefited both sides of the civil encounter in the entire history of mankind. However political hegemony has another definition and perspective. Orientalism is a method of cultural identification which is used to define the Orient. Edward Said was a scholar who studied and criticised the attitude of Europeans toward Oriental people. Michel Le Bris dismisses Said's analysis of European writings on the Orient in Orientalism as "the hystericisation of all thought, the refusal of any complexity or nuance". In this critique, the most significant factor is that Said's writings have the attitude of absolutism or dogmatism; that they are broad and generalising. Segalen is another scholar who attempted to find differences and similarities between Europeans and non-Europeans. This critique criticises the article written by Edward Said, named "Orientalism" and compares Segalen's theory and thoughts regarding the context of "Europeans and Others". It is believed that Said and Segalen use the same approach; however, they have different points of view. Said believed that Oriental culture showed weaknesses in European culture; however, Segalen believed that European culture was superior. Said believed that to study European culture, it was necessary to realise that the Orient had a special place in the history of Europe's civilisation from two different aspects, cultural and economic. He believed that Oriental culture was the best instrument for Europeans to realise their differences and understand themselves better. In addition, Orientalism was used by Europeans to dominate and restructure the Orient. Said stated that there was a distinction between civil and political society. The role of political society is direct domination. In comparison, culture, which operates within civil society, works not by direct domination but by consent. Said wrote that the best way to understand cultural life in the industrial West was to know its hegemony, or rather the result of cultural hegemony at work, which gave Orientalism its durability and strength. It is the central idea of superiority of culture, which Europeans have, that gave them power over other cultures outside of Europe. Here Said appears to contradict himself. On the one hand, he stated that there was a difference between civil and political society, namely that the role of political society is dominating and civil society works by consent. On the other hand, he believed that "the relationship between Occident and Orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying degrees of a complex hegemony". Said stated that the hegemony which Europeans had over the Orient was actually a cultural hegemony. However, his definition of culture was that it operates by consent. Therefore, Said was not studying the cultural but the political hegemony of Western countries. Therefore, his writing is about political, not cultural, research
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A Critique about Said's Orientalism
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